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Blog • • 4 minute read

Revving Up System Security with Extended Berkeley Packet Filter (eBPF)

The Extended Berkeley Packet Filter (eBPF) is a tech innovation that allows user space applications to join the high-speed action of the operating system's kernel. It enables faster security operations and real-time policy tuning, acting as a force multiplier and boosting efficiency and adaptability by allowing user space functions to transition into kernel space.

In this blog

  1. Understanding the arena: Kernel space vs. user space
  2. eBPF: Supercharging the kernel
  3. Applications in the fast lane

There's growing excitement around a tech innovation known as the Extended Berkeley Packet Filter (eBPF). It's comparable to equipping your operating system's kernel with a turbocharged Formula 1 engine, enabling it to accelerate security functions like never before. 

The standout feature? It opens the pit lane, allowing user space applications to join in the high-speed action. Imagine user space applications receiving an all-access pass — thanks to eBPF, they're not just spectators but part of the race team, tuning performance in real-time!

 Understanding the arena: Kernel space vs. user space

To fully grasp eBPF's capabilities, one must first understand the distinction between kernel space and user space. These are like two distinct tracks on which different parts of the operating system race.

 Kernel space: The exclusive track

Kernel space is the inner sanctum of the operating system, akin to the pit lane in Formula 1. Here, the operating system kernel, which can be likened to the race car itself, operates. This zone handles direct interactions with the system's hardware, manages memory allocation, schedules tasks (or races) and processes all input/output operations. Features of kernel space include:

  • High privilege: This is like having the authority to tweak any part of the race car at any time.
  • Performance: Think of it as the main track — optimized, with no unnecessary stops, delivering high-speed performance.
  • Risk: High stakes are involved; a single misstep can lead to a system-wide crash.

 User space: The spectator stands

Conversely, user space is where all the user-level applications watch the race. From this vantage point, applications like browsers and games operate without direct access to the hardware — they have to relay their needs through system calls managed by the kernel, akin to communicating with the race team via radios.

Characteristics of user space include:

  • Lower privilege: Applications here can enjoy the race but can't influence the core system operations directly.
  • Safety: Mishaps in user space won't crash the entire system, just like a spectator's error can't stop the race.
  • Interactivity: This is where users experience the thrill of various applications, akin to enjoying the different views and experiences from the stands.

 eBPF: Supercharging the kernel

eBPF acts as a force multiplier, allowing functions that usually operate in user space to transition into kernel space, thereby boosting efficiency and adaptability. It enables sandboxed programs to run directly within the kernel without altering the kernel source or loading additional modules.

Core concepts of eBPF include:

  • Programs and events: eBPF programs are triggered by events such as system calls or network packets, similar to how a race car responds to its driver's actions and track conditions.
  • Safety and efficiency: Programs are rigorously verified to ensure they don't compromise the system's integrity, then compiled into machine code by a Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler for optimal performance.
  • Maps: eBPF utilizes special data structures called maps to facilitate data exchange between user space and kernel space or among different eBPF programs, much like the data shared between a driver and their team.
  • Helpers: eBPF provides helper functions that enable these programs to perform complex operations that would typically require modifying the kernel.

 Applications in the fast lane

eBPF's applications are extensive, enhancing networking by allowing dynamic configuration adjustments, implementing security measures directly at the kernel level for better protection, and enabling detailed performance and health monitoring of systems akin to telemetry in racing.

With eBPF, traditional user-space tasks are increasingly integrated into kernel space, resulting in improved performance, greater flexibility and enhanced security. For developers and system administrators, mastering eBPF offers the chance to leverage advanced kernel-level features that were previously only accessible with in-depth kernel modifications.

This foundation will benefit many areas, starting initially with east-west traffic in the cloud and Kubernetes clusters, Linux servers supporting eBPF and eventually Windows servers.

Cisco HyperShield will be released in the coming months and will take advantage of eBPF, which should bring AI learning and Policy development to teams looking for a better way to isolate and protect their workloads through new automated micro-segmentation methods.

Thanks to Clayton Daigle at Cisco for the input and content assistance in creating this article. 

Technologies